动手学习深度学习（12）现代卷积神经网络（1）

茴香豆 Lv5
  2022-10-31 17:21:13 2022-10-31 17:21:13 Created   2022-11-01 09:36:41 2022-11-01 09:36:41 Updated      

本章我们将带你了解现代的卷积神经网络架构，在本章中的每一个模型都曾一度占据主导地位，其中许多模型都是ImageNet竞赛的优胜者。

AlexNet

是一个更深更大的LeNet，主要改进：dropout、ReLu、MaxPooling

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import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l

net = nn.Sequential(
    # 这里，我们使用一个11*11的更大窗口来捕捉对象。
    # 同时，步幅为4，以减少输出的高度和宽度。
    # 另外，输出通道的数目远大于LeNet
    nn.Conv2d(1, 96, kernel_size=11, stride=4, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
    # 减小卷积窗口，使用填充为2来使得输入与输出的高和宽一致，且增大输出通道数
    nn.Conv2d(96, 256, kernel_size=5, padding=2), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
    # 使用三个连续的卷积层和较小的卷积窗口。
    # 除了最后的卷积层，输出通道的数量进一步增加。
    # 在前两个卷积层之后，汇聚层不用于减少输入的高度和宽度
    nn.Conv2d(256, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.Conv2d(384, 384, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.Conv2d(384, 256, kernel_size=3, padding=1), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2),
    nn.Flatten(),
    # 这里，全连接层的输出数量是LeNet中的好几倍。使用dropout层来减轻过拟合
    nn.Linear(6400, 4096), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.Dropout(p=0.5),
    nn.Linear(4096, 4096), nn.ReLU(),
    nn.Dropout(p=0.5),
    # 最后是输出层。由于这里使用Fashion-MNIST，所以用类别数为10，而非论文中的1000
    nn.Linear(4096, 10))
# 构造一个高度和宽度都为224的单通道数据，来观察每一层输出的形状。
X = torch.randn(1, 1, 224, 224)
for layer in net:
    X=layer(X)
    print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t',X.shape)
# output
Conv2d output shape:         torch.Size([1, 96, 54, 54])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 96, 54, 54])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 96, 26, 26])
Conv2d output shape:         torch.Size([1, 256, 26, 26])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 256, 26, 26])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 256, 12, 12])
Conv2d output shape:         torch.Size([1, 384, 12, 12])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 384, 12, 12])
Conv2d output shape:         torch.Size([1, 384, 12, 12])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 384, 12, 12])
Conv2d output shape:         torch.Size([1, 256, 12, 12])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 256, 12, 12])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 256, 5, 5])
Flatten output shape:        torch.Size([1, 6400])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 4096])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 4096])
Dropout output shape:        torch.Size([1, 4096])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 4096])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 4096])
Dropout output shape:        torch.Size([1, 4096])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 10])
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# 读取数据集
batch_size = 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224)
# 训练AlexNet
lr, num_epochs = 0.01, 10
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
# output
loss 0.327, train acc 0.881, test acc 0.885
4149.6 examples/sec on cuda:0

VGG 使用块的网络

更大更深的AlexNet（重复的VGG块）

  • VGG使用可重复使用的卷积块来构建深度卷积神经网络
  • 不同的卷积块个数和超参数可以得到不同复杂度的变种

VGG块

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import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l

def vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels):
    layers = []
    for _ in range(num_convs):
        layers.append(nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels,
                                kernel_size=3, padding=1))
        layers.append(nn.ReLU())
        in_channels = out_channels
    layers.append(nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2,stride=2))
    return nn.Sequential(*layers)

VGG网络

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conv_arch = ((1, 64), (1, 128), (2, 256), (2, 512), (2, 512))
def vgg(conv_arch):
    conv_blks = []
    in_channels = 1
    # 卷积层部分
    for (num_convs, out_channels) in conv_arch:
        conv_blks.append(vgg_block(num_convs, in_channels, out_channels))
        in_channels = out_channels

    return nn.Sequential(
        *conv_blks, nn.Flatten(),
        # 全连接层部分
        nn.Linear(out_channels * 7 * 7, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
        nn.Linear(4096, 4096), nn.ReLU(), nn.Dropout(0.5),
        nn.Linear(4096, 10))

net = vgg(conv_arch)
# 构建一个高度和宽度为224的单通道数据样本，以观察每个层输出的形状。
X = torch.randn(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for blk in net:
    X = blk(X)
    print(blk.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t',X.shape)
# output
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 64, 112, 112])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 128, 56, 56])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 256, 28, 28])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 512, 14, 14])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 512, 7, 7])
Flatten output shape:        torch.Size([1, 25088])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 4096])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 4096])
Dropout output shape:        torch.Size([1, 4096])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 4096])
ReLU output shape:   torch.Size([1, 4096])
Dropout output shape:        torch.Size([1, 4096])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 10])

构建一个通道数较少的网络，足够用于训练Fashion-MNIST数据集

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ratio = 4
small_conv_arch = [(pair[0], pair[1] // ratio) for pair in conv_arch]
net = vgg(small_conv_arch)
lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.05, 10, 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
# output
loss 0.177, train acc 0.934, test acc 0.911
2562.3 examples/sec on cuda:0

NiN 网络中的网络

NiN块：一个卷积层后跟两个全连接层

  • 步幅1， 无填充，输出形状跟卷积层输出一样
  • 起到全连接层的作用

NiN架构：

  • 无全连接层
  • 交替使用NiN块和步幅为2的MaxPooling层
    • 逐步减小高宽和增大通道数
  • 最后使用全局平均池化层得到输出
    • 其输入通道数是类别数

NiN使用全局平均池化层来替代VGG和AlexNet中的全连接层

  • 不容易过拟合，更少的参数个数

NiN块

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import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l

def nin_block(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding):
    return nn.Sequential(
        nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, strides, padding),
        nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU(),
        nn.Conv2d(out_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1), nn.ReLU())

NiN模型

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net = nn.Sequential(
    nin_block(1, 96, kernel_size=11, strides=4, padding=0),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nin_block(96, 256, kernel_size=5, strides=1, padding=2),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nin_block(256, 384, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
    nn.MaxPool2d(3, stride=2),
    nn.Dropout(0.5),
    # 标签类别数是10
    nin_block(384, 10, kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding=1),
    nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1)),
    # 将四维的输出转成二维的输出，其形状为(批量大小,10)
    nn.Flatten())
# 查看每个块的形状
X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 224, 224))
for layer in net:
    X = layer(X)
    print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t', X.shape)
# output
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 96, 54, 54])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 96, 26, 26])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 256, 26, 26])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 256, 12, 12])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 384, 12, 12])
MaxPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 384, 5, 5])
Dropout output shape:        torch.Size([1, 384, 5, 5])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 10, 5, 5])
AdaptiveAvgPool2d output shape:      torch.Size([1, 10, 1, 1])
Flatten output shape:        torch.Size([1, 10])
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# 训练模型
lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.1, 10, 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=224)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
# output
loss 0.363, train acc 0.865, test acc 0.879
3212.2 examples/sec on cuda:0

GoogLeNet

GoogLeNet / Inception V3【动手学深度学习v2】

Inception块：4个路径从不同层面抽取信息，然后再输出通道合并

  • 优点是模型参数小，计算复杂度低

GoogLeNet使用了9个Inception块

实现

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import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import functional as F
from d2l import torch as d2l


class Inception(nn.Module):
    # c1--c4是每条路径的输出通道数
    def __init__(self, in_channels, c1, c2, c3, c4, **kwargs):
        super(Inception, self).__init__(**kwargs)
        # 线路1，单1x1卷积层
        self.p1_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c1, kernel_size=1)
        # 线路2，1x1卷积层后接3x3卷积层
        self.p2_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c2[0], kernel_size=1)
        self.p2_2 = nn.Conv2d(c2[0], c2[1], kernel_size=3, padding=1)
        # 线路3，1x1卷积层后接5x5卷积层
        self.p3_1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c3[0], kernel_size=1)
        self.p3_2 = nn.Conv2d(c3[0], c3[1], kernel_size=5, padding=2)
        # 线路4，3x3最大汇聚层后接1x1卷积层
        self.p4_1 = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1)
        self.p4_2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels, c4, kernel_size=1)

    def forward(self, x):
        p1 = F.relu(self.p1_1(x))
        p2 = F.relu(self.p2_2(F.relu(self.p2_1(x))))
        p3 = F.relu(self.p3_2(F.relu(self.p3_1(x))))
        p4 = F.relu(self.p4_2(self.p4_1(x)))
        # 在通道维度上连结输出
        return torch.cat((p1, p2, p3, p4), dim=1)

接下来逐一实现GoogLeNet的每个模块

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# 第一个模块
b1 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(1, 64, kernel_size=7, stride=2, padding=3),
                   nn.ReLU(),
                   nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
# 第二个模块
b2 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(64, 64, kernel_size=1),
                   nn.ReLU(),
                   nn.Conv2d(64, 192, kernel_size=3, padding=1),
                   nn.ReLU(),
                   nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
# 第三个模块
b3 = nn.Sequential(Inception(192, 64, (96, 128), (16, 32), 32),
                   Inception(256, 128, (128, 192), (32, 96), 64),
                   nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
# 第四个模块
b4 = nn.Sequential(Inception(480, 192, (96, 208), (16, 48), 64),
                   Inception(512, 160, (112, 224), (24, 64), 64),
                   Inception(512, 128, (128, 256), (24, 64), 64),
                   Inception(512, 112, (144, 288), (32, 64), 64),
                   Inception(528, 256, (160, 320), (32, 128), 128),
                   nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1))
# 第五个模块
b5 = nn.Sequential(Inception(832, 256, (160, 320), (32, 128), 128),
                   Inception(832, 384, (192, 384), (48, 128), 128),
                   nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1,1)),
                   nn.Flatten())

net = nn.Sequential(b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, nn.Linear(1024, 10))
# 下面演示各个模块输出的形状变化
X = torch.rand(size=(1, 1, 96, 96))
for layer in net:
    X = layer(X)
    print(layer.__class__.__name__,'output shape:\t', X.shape)
# output
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 64, 24, 24])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 192, 12, 12])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 480, 6, 6])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 832, 3, 3])
Sequential output shape:     torch.Size([1, 1024])
Linear output shape:         torch.Size([1, 10])

训练模型

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lr, num_epochs, batch_size = 0.1, 10, 128
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size, resize=96)
d2l.train_ch6(net, train_iter, test_iter, num_epochs, lr, d2l.try_gpu())
# output
loss 0.254, train acc 0.904, test acc 0.885
3570.5 examples/sec on cuda:0
  • Title: 动手学习深度学习（12）现代卷积神经网络（1）
  • Author: 茴香豆
  • Created at : 2022-10-31 17:21:13
  • Updated at : 2022-11-01 09:36:41
  • Link: https://hxiangdou.github.io/2022/10/31/DL_12/
  • License: This work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.
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动手学习深度学习（12）现代卷积神经网络（1）
  1. AlexNet
  2. VGG 使用块的网络
  3. NiN 网络中的网络
  4. GoogLeNet